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Nano Progress
Research Article
Study of Thin Layers of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanostructure
Abstract: Thin layers of Cadmium Oxide with various volumes of Cadmium acetate solution (40, 50 and 70 ml) were deposited using spray pyrolysis technique over a glassy substrate. Samples were investigated using FESEM images, XRD and UV–Vis spectra as well as I–V characteristic. It was found that all samples were grew up with polycrystalline nanostructures along the preferred direction of (002). In addition, it was found that grew up sample in the volume of 50 (ml) are of optimum photoconductivity condition in visible range regarding optimum structural (largest crystallite size and lowest crystallite defect density) and optical (smallest band gap and highest light absorption) conditions.
Keywords: Cadmium Oxide; Spray Pyrolysis Technique; Photoconductivity; Nanostructure; Visible Light
Publication details: Received: 03rd March 2020; Revised: 07th May 2020; Accepted: 07th May 2020; Published: 15th May 2020
1. Introduction
Cadmium Oxide (CdO) is one of the rare inherent semi–conductors of type P with a narrow band gap of about 1.2–2.1 (eV) which has a monoclinic structure with limited transparency in the region of visible light.[1–11] Thin layers of this material are frequently dark brown to black. This darkness is due to narrow band gap and direct transitions between bands.[12–20] This fact leads to high absorption of visible light and can be used in optical pieces such as solar cells. In addition, this material is considered due to abundance of raw material, non–toxicity, easy production and ability to change and optimizing its physical properties using various physical and chemical methods such as chemical vapor deposition,[21–31] spray pyrolysis[32–43] and so on. This material is one of the important mineral Oxides for applying in pieces such as solar cells, electrochromic pieces and gaseous sensors due to its availability, high absorption rate and low cost.[44–56]
In the current research, cost effective spray pyrolysis technique was used to investigate photoconductivity of CdO thin layers with various volumes of spray solution.
Conventional electrical energy storage (EES) electrodes, such as rechargeable batteries, are mostly based on composites of monolithic micrometer sized particles bound together with polymeric and conductive carbon additives and binders.[94–127] The kinetic limitations of these monolithic chunks of material are inherently linked to their electrical properties, the kinetics of ion insertion through their interface and ion migration in and through the composite phase.[128–141] Redox chemistry of nanostructured materials in EES systems offer vast gains in power and energy. Furthermore, due to their thin nature, ion and electron transport is dramatically increased, especially when thin heterogeneous conducting layers are employed synergistically.[142–156] However, since the stability of the electrode material is dictated by the nature of the electrochemical reaction and the accompanying volumetric and interfacial changes from the perspective of overall system lifetime, research with nanostructured materials has shown often indefinite conclusions: in some cases, an increase in unwanted side–reactions due to the high surface area (bad). In other cases, results have shown significantly better handling of mechanical stress that results from lithiation/delithiation (good). Despite these mixed results, scientifically informed design of thin electrode materials, with carefully chosen architectures, is considered a promising route to address many limitations witnessed in EES systems by reducing and protecting electrodes from parasitic reactions, accommodating mechanical stress due to volumetric changes from electrochemical reactions, and optimizing charge carrier mobilities from both the “ionic” and “electronic” points of view. Furthermore, precise nanoscale control over the electrode structure can enable accurate measurement through advanced spectroscopy and microscopy techniques.[157–160]
This Account summarizes recent findings related to thin electrode materials synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and electrochemical deposition (ECD), including nanowires, nanotubes, and thin films. Throughout the Account, we will show how these techniques enabled us to synthesize electrodes of interest with precise control over the structure and composition of the material. We will illustrate and discuss how the electrochemical response of thin electrodes made by these techniques can facilitate new mechanisms for ion storage, mediate the interfacial electrochemical response of the electrode, and address issues related to electrode degradation over time. The effects of nanosizing materials and their electrochemical response will be mechanistically reviewed through two categories of ion storage: (1) pseudocapacitance and (2) ion insertion. Additionally, we will show how electrochemical processes that are more complicated because of accompanying volumetric changes and electrode degradation pathways can be mediated and controlled by application of thin functional materials on the electrochemically active interface; examples include conversion electrodes, reactive lithium metal anodes, and complex reactions in a Li/O2 cathode system. The goal of this Account is to illustrate how careful design of thin materials either as active electrodes or as mediating layers can facilitate desirable interfacial electrochemical activity and resolve or shed light on mechanistic limitations of electrochemical processes related to micrometer size particles currently used in energy storage electrodes.
Three–dimensional (3D) nanostructures are emerging as promising building blocks for a large spectrum of applications. One critical issue in integration regards mastering the thin, flat, and chemically stable insulating layer that must be implemented on the nanostructure network in order to build striking nano–architectures. In this letter, we report an innovative method for nanoscale planarization on 3D nanostructures by using hydrogen silesquioxane as a spin–on–glass (SOG) dielectric material. To decouple the thickness of the final layer from the height of the nanostructure, we propose to embed the nanowire network in the insulator layer by exploiting the planarizing properties of the SOG approach. To achieve the desired dielectric thickness, the structure is chemically etched back with a highly diluted solution to control the etch rate precisely. The roughness of the top surface was less than 2 nm. There were no surface defects and the planarity was excellent, even in the vicinity of the nanowires. This newly developed process was used to realize a multilevel stack architecture with sub–deca–nanometer–range layer thickness.
2. Sample Preparation
To prepare thin layers of Cadmium Oxide, Cadmium acetate powder was solved in deionized water and 0.15 (M) Cadmium acetate solution was prepared. Then, this solution was sprayed over glassy substrate in various volumes (40, 50, 70 ml) – corresponding to samples of V1, V2, V3 – to prepare the considered layers. It is expected that in pyrolysis process, the following chemical reaction mechanism happens:[57–63]
Cd(CH2COO)2.H2O+H2O CdO+2CH3COOH+H2O
During each step, cleaned substrates were heated up to 440º C in spray device and then, solution was sprayed under air pressure (1.1 bar). In this process, distance of sprays from substrates was 35 (cm). Structural analysis of samples was performed by X–Ray Diffraction device (XRD, Brucker AXS) with CuKα spectral line emission (1.5405 Å) and the surface morphology of samples were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM Hitachi S.4160). Optical characteristics of layers were measured using passed and absorbed spectra by optical spectroscopy (Shimadzu UV–Vis 1800) in the range of 300–1100 (nm).
3. Surface Morphology
Fig. 1 shows SEM images of samples in the scales of 5 microns and 500 (nm). Although the images for V1 and V3 samples show uniform surface along with some grains with 50 and 100 (nm), respectively, V2 sample is of porous surface along with woven fibers and mud–like particles that differentiate it from two other sample.
4. Structural Properties
XRD spectrum of samples is shown in Fig. 2. Diffraction curves of samples indicate that they are of polycrystalline structure with monoclinic structure and principal planes of (002) and (111) located at angles of 35.56° and 38.74°. The results indicate that V2 sample with solution volume of 50 (ml) is of weaker peaks at directions of (202) and (020) at angles of 48.86° and 53.85°, respectively. The presence of these peaks along with relative intensity of the major peaks indicates that crystalline structure improves compared to other samples.
For more accurate investigation of structural properties, crystallite size (D), dislocation density (δ) and crystalline strains (ε) are calculated:[64–76]
where, β is half width at full maximum, D is crystallite size, θ is Brug angle and λ is X–Ray wavelength. Results of these calculations are listed in Table (1).
Sample
|
D (nm)
|
||
V1
|
17.77
|
0.525
|
3.37
|
V2
|
27.23
|
0.333
|
3.56
|
V3
|
16.96
|
0.673
|
4.63
|
5. Optical Properties
Fig. 3 shows optical passing spectrum of the under studied layers. It can be seen that in visible region of 400–700 (nm), V2 sample and V3 sample are of the lowest and highest passing, respectively. These variations may be largely due to relative electrical conductivity of layers (Section 4) which is effective is relative amount of metal–like and or insulator–like of layers.
According to the reported results, CdO layers are acted as a semiconductor with direct transition between bands so that during these transitions, absorption coefficient is a function of incident photon energy.[77–93] Fig. 4 shows the variations of absorption spectra of layers against wavelength.
Since Cadmium Oxide is a semiconductor with direct transitions between bands, to determine optical band gap of samples, (ahν)2 is drawn against hν and data is extrapolated in linear region of high energy with horizontal axis as a=0. Fig. 5 shows this curve in order to determine direct optical band gap and the attached figure shows the results obtained from this analysis related to band gap amounts. The results indicate that the sample with largest crystallite size (V2) has the smallest band gap (1.74 eV) and the sample with smallest crystallite size (V3) has the largest band gap (2.01 eV) which can be a reason for happening a quantum limitation in these samples.
Because of their spontaneous nanostructure thin films behave differently from bulk materials of equivalent chemical composition. Depending both on material and deposition technique, optical thin films present structures, which when observed with an electronic microscope, may appear as columnar, polycrystalline, amorphous or lacunar. However, as these structures are in a nanometric scale they do not scatter light whereas they change the mean refractive index of the material. The lacunar structure also leads to water adsorption which induces shifts in the spectral properties of multilayer filters. A review of the work in this field is presented. Thanks to the progress in photolithography techniques, materials can now be artificially nano structured, and the mean refractive index can be controlled in this way. Thin films nano–structured in one dimension are anisotropic. A comparison between measured anisotropy and calculated anisotropy using homogenization models is given. Ion implantation is also shown to be a useful means of locally changing the refractive index and to control the mean refractive index. Calculation of polarizing multilayer filters made with such anisotropic layers is presented.
6. Electrical Properties
Fig. 6 shows current–voltage curve of these samples. The results indicate that sample V2 has the highest electrical conductivity (metal–like property) while sample V3 has the lowest one (isolator–like property). This is in good agreement with optical transition behavior of layers.
7. Photoconductivity Properties
To investigate photoconductivity of samples, the under studied samples were placed under visible light emission (halogen lamp). Fig. 7 shows current–voltage curve of samples under light. As can be observed, all three samples are reacted to the light and after emission, more electrical current passed through samples. This is an expected event due to producing electron – hole pairs in layers as a result of optical photon emission in hν>Eg. In order to compare optical sensitivity of these samples, the passed electrical current through samples in voltage of V3 in darkness and under visible light emission is shown in Fig. 8. As can be seen, sample V2 is of highest relative change of electrical current (ILight/IDark = 11) and sample V3 is of lowest one (=3). These variations may be due to the effect of various factors such as optical absorption, band gap, crystallite size and crystalline obliquity in the investigated layer.
Photoconductivity is the incremental change in the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor or insulator upon illumination. The behavior of photoconductivity with photon energy, light intensity and temperature, and its time evolution and frequency dependence, can reveal a great deal about carrier generation, transport and recombination processes. Many of these processes now have a sound theoretical basis and so it is possible, with due caution, to use photoconductivity as a diagnostic tool in the study of new electronic materials and devices. This chapter describes the main steady–state and transient photoconductivity techniques applied in the investigation of semiconductors whose performance is limited by the presence of localized electronic states. These materials tend to be disordered, and possess low carrier mobilities and short free–carrier lifetimes in comparison with crystalline silicon. They are often prepared as thin films, and are of interest for large–area applications, for example in solar cells, display backplane transistors, photoemissive devices such as organic light–emitting diodes (OLEDs) and medical imagers. However, examples of where these techniques have been useful in the study of defective crystalline semiconductors are also given. The approach followed here is by way of an introduction to the techniques, the physics supporting them, and their applications, it being understood that readers requiring more detailed information will consult the references provided.
8. Conclusions
The thin layers of Cadmium Oxide nanostructures were deposited using spray pyrolysis technique with various volumes of spray solution over a glassy substrate. FESEM images indicate that surface morphology of samples are dependent on the variations of solution volume and XRD spectrum of layers indicate that polycrystalline structures are grew up in preferred direction of (002). Data analysis indicates that at solution volume of 50 ml, crystallite size and crystallite defect densities are optimum and photoconductivity properties are improved. In visible light region, layers are of low optical transition and of optical band gap between 1.74–2.01 (eV) so that sample V2 has the lowest band gap among all samples. The obtained results indicate that band gap variations in these samples are controlled by crystallite size and under the effect of happening a quantum limitation. Photoconductivity results indicate that sample V2 is of highest optical sensitivity to visible light.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- Heidari A. Deficiencies in Repair of Double–Standard DNA/RNA–Binding Molecules Identified in Many Types of Solid and Liquid Tumors Oncology in Human Body for Advancing Cancer Immunotherapy Using Computer Simulations and Data Analysis. J. Appl. Bioinforma. Comput. Biol., 2017, 6, e104. [Link]
- Heidari A. Electronic Coupling Among the Five Nanomolecules Shuts Down Quantum Tunneling in The Presence and Absence of an Applied Magnetic Field for Indication of The Dimer or Other Provide Different Influences on the Magnetic Behavior of Single Molecular Magnets (Smms) as Qubits for Quantum Computing. Glob. J. Res. Rev., 2017, 4, 69. [Link]
- Heidari A. Polymorphism in Nano–Sized Graphene Ligand–Induced Transformation of Au38–xagx/xcux (Sph–Tbu)24 to Au36–Xagx/xcux (Sph–Tbu)24 (x=1–12) Nanomolecules for Synthesis of Au144–Xagx/xcux [(SR)60, (SC4)60, (SC6)60, (SC12)60, (PET)60, (P–MBA)60, (F)60, (Cl)60, (Br)60, (I)60, (At)60, (Uus)60 and (SC6H13)60] Nano Clusters as Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs. J. Nanomater. Mol. Nanotechnol., 2017, 6, 9. [Link]
- Heidari A. Biomedical Resource Oncology and Data Mining to Enable Resource Discovery in Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Translational Research and their Applications in Cancer Research. Int. J. Biomed. Data. Min., 2017, 6, e103. [Link]
- Heidari A. Study of Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Dosing, Stability, Safety and Efficacy of Olympiadane Nanomolecules as Agent for Cancer Enzymotherapy, Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Hormone Therapy and Targeted Therapy under Synchrotorn Radiation. J. Dev. Drugs, 2017, 6, e154. [Link]
- Heidari A. A Novel Approach to Future Horizon of Top Seven Biomedical Research Topics to Watch in 2017: Alzheimer's, Ebola, Hypersomnia, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Tuberculosis (TB), Microbiome/Antibiotic Resistance and Endovascular Stroke. J. Bioengineer. Biomedical Sci., 2017, 7, e127. [Link]
- Heidari A. Opinion on Computational Gluid dynamics (CFD) Technique. Fluid Mech. Open Acc., 2017, 4, 157. [Link]
- Heidari A. Concurrent Diagnosis of Oncology Influence Outcomes in Emergency General Surgery for Colorectal Cancer and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Treatment using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Au329(SR)84, Au329–Xagx(SR)84, Au144(SR)60, Au68(SR)36, Au30(SR)18, Au102(Sph)44, Au38 (Sph)24, Au38(SC2H4Ph)24, Au21S(Sadm)15, Au36(Pmba)24 and Au25(Pmba)18 Nano Clusters. J. Surgery Emerg. Med., 2017, 1, 1. [Link]
- Heidari A. Developmental Cell Biology in Adult Stem Cells Death and Autophagy to Trigger a Preventive Allergic Reaction to Common Airborne Allergens Under Synchrotron Radiation using Nanotechnology for Therapeutic Goals in Particular Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy). Cell Biol. (Henderson, NV), 2017, 6, e117. [Link]
- Heidari A. Changing Metal Powder Characteristics for Elimination of the Heavy Metals Toxicity And Diseases in Disruption of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins Adjustment in Cancer Metastases Induced by Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Carcinoid, Carcinoma, Ewing’s Sarcoma, Fibrosarcoma and Secondary Hematopoietic Solid or Soft Tissue Tumors. J. Powder Metall. Min., 2017, 6, 170. [Link]
- Heidari A. Nanomedicine–based Combination Anti–Cancer Therapy Between Nucleic Acids and Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs in Covalent Nano Drugs Delivery Systems for Selective Imaging and Treatment of Human Brain Tumors using Hyaluronic Acid, Alguronic Acid and Sodium Hyaluronate as Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs and Nucleic Acids Delivery under Synchrotron Radiation. Am. J. Drug Deliv., 2017, 5. [Link]
- Heidari A. Clinical Trials of Dendritic Cell Therapies for Cancer Exposing Vulnerabilities in Human Cancer Cells’ Metabolism and Metabolomics: New Discoveries, Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities, Biotech's Bumpy Road to the Market and Elucidating the Biochemical Programs that Support Cancer Initiation and Progression. J. Biol. Med. Science, 2017, 1, e103. [Link]
- Heidari A. The Design Graphene–Based Nanosheets as a New Nanomaterial in Anti–Cancer Therapy and Delivery of Chemotherapeutics and Biological Nano Drugs for Liposomal Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs and Gene Delivery. Br. Biomed. Bull., 2017, 5, 305. [Link]
- Heidari A. Integrative Approach to Biological Networks for Emerging Roles of Proteomics, Genomics and Transcriptomics in the Discovery and Validation of Human Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers from DNA/RNA Sequencing Data under Synchrotron Radiation. Transcriptomics, 2017, 5, e117. [Link]
- Heidari A. Elimination of the Heavy Metals Toxicity and Diseases in Disruption of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins and Cell Adhesion Intelligent Nanomolecules Adjustment in Cancer Metastases Using Metalloenzymes and under Synchrotron Radiation. Lett. Health Biol. Sci., 2017, 2, 1–4. [Link]
- Heidari A. Treatment of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases through a Targeted Nanomolecule Drug Delivery System based on Dopamine Functionalized Multi–Wall Carbon Nanotubes (Mwcnts) Coated with Nano Graphene Oxide (GO) and Protonated Polyaniline (PANI) in Situ during the Polymerization of Aniline Autogenic Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs under Synchrotron Radiation. Br. J. Res., 2017, 4, 16. [Link]
- Heidari A. Tetrakis [3, 5–Bis (Trifluoromethyl) Phenyl] Borate (BARF)–Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) Nano Molecules. Med. Res. Clin. Case Rep., 2018, 2, 112-125. [Link]
- Heidari A. Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Dosing, Stability, Safety and Efficacy of Orphan Nano Drugs to Treat High Cholesterol and Related Conditions and to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease under Synchrotron Radiation. J. Pharm. Sci. Emerg. Drugs, 2017, 5, 1. [Link]
- Heidari A. Non-Linear Compact Proton Synchrotrons to Improve Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Treatments and Diagnostics through Particle Therapy Ac-celerators with Monochromatic Microbeams. Cell Immunol. Serum. Biol., 2017, 3, 115-119. [CrossRef]
- Heidari A. Design of Targeted Metal Chelation Therapeutics Nanocapsules as Colloidal Carriers and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Translocation to Targeted Deliver Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs into the Human Brain to treat Alzheimer’s Disease Under Synchrotron Radiation. J. Nanotechnol. Mater. Sci., 2017, 4, 62-66. [Link]
- Gobato R.; Heidari A. Calculations Using Quantum Chemistry for Inorganic Molecule Simulation BeLi2SeSi. Sci. J. Anal. Chem., 2017, 5, 76-85. [Link]
- Heidari A. Different High–Resolution Simulations of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Oncology of Human Lung Cancer Translational Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron And X–Ray Radiations. J. Med. Oncol., 2017, 1, 1. [Link]
- Heidari A. A Modern Ethnomedicinal Technique for Transformation. Prevention and Treatment of Human Malignant Gliomas Tumors into Human Benign Gliomas Tumors under Synchrotron Radiation. Am. J. Ethnomed., 2017, 4, 10. [Link]
- Heidari A. Active Targeted Nanoparticles for Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Human Brain Cancer Treatment. J. Med. Chem. Toxicol., 2017, 2, 1-5. [Link]
- Heidari A. Investigation of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Estradiol, Mestranol (Norlutin), Norethindrone (NET), Norethisterone Acetate (NETA), Norethisterone Enanthate (NETE) and Testosterone Nanoparticles as Biological Imaging, Cell Labeling, Anti–Microbial Agents and Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs in Nanomedicines Based Drug Delivery Systems for Anti–Cancer Targeting and Treatment. Parana J. Sci. Edu., 2017, 3, 10-19. [Link]
- Heidari A. A Comparative Computational and Experimental Study on Different Vibrational Biospectroscopy Methods, Techniques and Applications for Human Cancer Cells in Tumor Tissues Simulation, Modeling, Research, Diagnosis and Treatment. Open J. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2017, 1, 014-020. [Link]
- Heidari A. Combination of DNA/RNA Ligands and Linear/Non–Linear Visible–Synchrotron Radiation–Driven N–Doped Ordered Mesoporous Cadmium Oxide (Cdo) Nanoparticles Photocatalysts Channels Resulted in an Interesting Synergistic Effect Enhancing Catalytic Anti–Cancer Activity. Enz. Eng., 2017, 6, 160. [Link]
- Heidari A. Modern Approaches in Designing Ferritin, Ferritin Light Chain, Transferrin, Beta–2 Transferrin and Bacterioferritin–based Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs Encapsulating Nanosphere as DNA–Binding Proteins from Starved Cells (DPS). Mod. Appro. Drug Des., 2017, 1, 000504. [Link]
- Heidari A. Potency of Human Interferon β–1a and Human Interferon β–1b in Enzymotherapy, Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Hormone Therapy and Targeted Therapy of Encephalomyelitis Disseminate. J. Proteomics Enzymol., 2017, 6, e109. [Link]
- Heidari A. Transport Therapeutic Active Targeting of Human Brain Tumors Enable Anti–Cancer Nanodrugs Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) to Treat Brain Diseases using Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers under Synchrotron Radiation. J. Pharm. Pharmaceutics, 2017, 4, 1-5. [Link]
- Heidari A.; Brown C. Combinatorial Therapeutic Approaches to DNA/RNA and Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), Fluoxetine Hydrochloride (Prozac and Sarafem), Propofol (Diprivan), Acetylsalicylic Acid (Asa)(Aspirin), Naproxen Sodium (Aleve and Naprosyn) And Dextromethamphetamine Nanocapsules with Surface Conjugated DNA/RNA to Targeted Nano Drugs for Enhanced Anti–Cancer Efficacy and Targeted Cancer Therapy using Nano Drugs Delivery Systems. Ann. Adv. Chem., 2017, 1, 061-069. [Link]
- Heidari A. High–Resolution Simulations of Human Brain Cancer Translational Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron Radiation. J. Transl. Res., 2017, 1, 1-3. [Link]
- Heidari A. Investigation of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs' Effects' Trend on Human Pancreas Cancer Cells and Tissues Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Process Under Synchrotron and X-Ray Radiations with the Passage of Time using Mathematica. Current Trends Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2017, 1, 36-41. [Link]
- Heidari A. Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamics of Double–Standard Dna/Rna of Human Preserving Stem Cells–Binding Nano Molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives through Tracking of Helium–4 Nucleus (Alpha Particle) using Synchrotron Radiation. Arch. Biotechnol. Biomed., 2017, 1, 067-100. [Link]
- Heidari A. Visualizing Metabolic Changes in Probing Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Metabolism using Vivo 1H or Proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and 31P NMR Spectroscopy and Self–Organizing Maps under Synchrotron Radiation. SOJ Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, 5, 1-6. [Link]
- Heidari A. Cavity Ring–Down Spectroscopy (CRDS), Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy, Cold Vapour Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Correlation Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Enliven: Challenges Cancer Detect. Ther., 2017, 4, e001. [Link]
- Heidari A. Laser Spectroscopy, Laser–Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Laser–Induced Plasma Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Int. J. Hepatol. Gastroenterol., 2017, 3, 079-084. [Link]
- Heidari A. Time–Resolved Spectroscopy and Time–Stretch Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Enliven: Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety, 2017, 4, e001. [Link]
- Heidari A. Overview of the Role of Vitamins in Reducing Negative Effect of Decapeptyl (Triptorelin Acetate or Pamoate Salts) on Prostate Cancer Cells and Tissues in Prostate Cancer Treatment Process through Transformation of Malignant Prostate Tumors into Benign Prostate Tumors under Synchrotron Radiation. Open J. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2017, 1, 021-026. [Link]
- Heidari A. Electron Phenomenological Spectroscopy, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Austin J. Anal. Pharm. Chem., 2017, 4, 1091. [Link]
- Heidari A. Therapeutic Nanomedicine Different High–Resolution Experimental Images and Computational Simulations for Human Brain Cancer Cells and Tissues using Nanocarriers Deliver DNA/RNA to Brain Tumors under Synchrotron Radiation with the Passage of Time using Mathematica and MATLAB. Madridge J. Nano Tech. Sci., 2017, 2, 77-83. [Link]
- Heidari A. A Consensus and Prospective Study on Restoring Cadmium Oxide (Cdo) Nanoparticles Sensitivity in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer by Extending the Cadmium Oxide (Cdo) Nanoparticles–Free Interval using Synchrotron Radiation Therapy as Antibody–Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Limited–Stage Small Cell Diverse Epithelial Cancers. Cancer Clin. Res. Rep., 2017, 1, e001. [Link]
- Heidari A. A Novel and Modern Experimental Imaging and Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under White Synchrotron Radiation. Cancer Sci. Res. Open Access, 2017, 4, 1-8. [Link]
- Heidari A. Different High–Resolution Simulations of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Oncology of Human Breast Cancer Translational Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron and X–Ray Radiations. J. Oral Cancer Res., 2017, 1, 12-17. [Link]
- Heidari A. Vibrational Decihertz (dHz), Centihertz (cHz), Millihertz (mHz), Microhertz (μHz), Nanohertz (nHz), Picohertz (pHz), Femtohertz (fHz), Attohertz (aHz), Zeptohertz (zHz) and Yoctohertz (yHz) Imaging and Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. Int. J. Biomedicine, 2017, 7, 335-340. [Link]
- Heidari A. Force Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. EC Cancer, 2017, 2, 239-246. [Link]
- Heidari A. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Photoemission Spectroscopy and Photothermal Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. BAOJ Cancer Res. Ther., 2017, 3, 045-052. [Link]
- Heidari A. J–Spectroscopy, Exchange Spectroscopy (EXSY), Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) and Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. EMS Eng. Sci. J., 2017, 1, 006-013. [Link]
- Heidari A. Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy and Spin Noise Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Int. J. Biopharm. Sci., 2017, 1, 1-5. [Link]
- Heidari A. Vibrational Decahertz (daHz), Hectohertz (hHz), Kilohertz (kHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), Terahertz (THz), Petahertz (PHz), Exahertz (EHz), Zettahertz (ZHz) and Yottahertz (YHz) Imaging and Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. Madridge J. Anal. Sci. Instrum., 2017, 2, 41-46. [Link]
- Heidari A. Two–Dimensional Infrared Correlation Spectroscopy, Linear Two–Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy and Non–Linear Two–Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Under Synchrotron Radiation with the Passage of Time. J. Mater. Sci. Nanotechnol., 2018, 6, 101. [Link]
- Heidari A. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Near–Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Mid–Infrared Spectroscopy (MIRS) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation with the Passage of Time. Int. J. Nanotechnol. Nanomed., 2018, 3, 1-6. [Link]
- Heidari A. Infrared Photo Dissociation Spectroscopy and Infrared Correlation Table Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation with the Passage of Time. Austin Pharmacol. Pharm., 2018, 3, 1011. [Link]
- Heidari A. Novel and Transcendental Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies for Investigation of Interaction among Human Blood Cancer Cells, Tissues, Tumors and Metastases with Synchrotron Radiation under Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery Efficacy using Matlab Modeling and Simulation. Madridge J. Nov. Drug Res., 2017, 1, 18-24. [Link]
- Heidari A. Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Open Access J. Trans. Med. Res., 2018, 2, 4-9. [Link]
- Gobato M.R.R.; Gobato R.; Heidari A. Planting of Jaboticaba Trees for Landscape Repair of Degraded Area. Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, 2018, 3, 1-9. [Link]
- Heidari A. Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Phosphorescence Spectroscopy and Luminescence Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation with the Passage of Time. SM J. Clin. Med. Imaging, 2018, 4, 1018. [Link]
- Heidari A. Sydnone, Münchnone, Montréalone, Mogone, Montelukast, Quebecol and Palau’amine–Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation (EPPSI) Nano Molecules. Sur. Cas. Stud. Op. Acc. J., 2018, 1. [Link]
- Heidari A. X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), Powder X–Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Energy–Dispersive X–Ray Diffraction (EDXRD) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. J. Oncol. Res., 2018, 2, 1-14. [Link]
- Heidari A. Improving the Performance of Nano–Endofullerenes in Polyaniline Nanostructure–Based Biosensors by Covering Californium Colloidal Nanoparticles with Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J. Adv. Nanomater., 2018, 3, 1-28. [CrossRef]
- Heidari A. Thermal Spectroscopy, Photothermal Spectroscopy, Thermal Microspectroscopy, Photothermal Microspectroscopy, Thermal Macrospectroscopy and Photothermal Macrospectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant And Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. SM J. Biometrics Biostat., 2018, 3, 1024. [Link]
- Heidari A. A Modern and Comprehensive Experimental Biospectroscopic Comparative Study on Human Common Cancers’ Cells, Tissues and Tumors before and after Synchrotron Radiation Therapy. Open Acc. J. Oncol. Med., 2018, 1, 11-20. [Link]
- Heidari A. Heteronuclear Correlation Experiments such as Heteronuclear Single–Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Heteronuclear Multiple–Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HMQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple–Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Endocrinology and Thyroid Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. J. Endocrinol. Thyroid Res., 2018, 3, 555603. [Link]
- Heidari A. Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy (NRVS), Nuclear Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopy (NISS), Nuclear Inelastic Absorption Spectroscopy (NIAS) and Nuclear Resonant Inelastic X–Ray Scattering Spectroscopy (NRIXSS) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. Int. J. Bioorg. Chem. Mol. Biol., 2018, 6, 1-5. [Link]
- Heidari A. A Novel and Modern Experimental Approach to Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy and Video Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under White and Monochromatic Synchrotron Radiation. Glob. J. Endocrinol. Metab., 2018, 1, 000514. [Link]
- Heidari A. Vibrational Biospectroscopic Studies on Anti-Cancer Nanopharmaceuticals (Part I). Malaysian J. Chem., 2018, 20, 33-73. [Link]
- Heidari A. Comprehensive Experimental Biospectroscopic Study on Different Types of Infrared Spectroscopy of Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. J. Analyt. Molecul. Tech., 2018, 3, 8-15. [Link]
- Heidari A. Investigation of Cancer Types using Synchrotron Technology for Proton Beam Therapy: An Experimental Biospectroscopic Comparative Study. European Modern Studies Journal, 2018, 2, 13-29. [Link]
- Heidari A. Saturated Spectroscopy and Unsaturated Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Imaging J. Clin. Medical Sci., 2018, 5, 001-007. [Link]
- Heidari A. Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (Sans) and Wide–Angle X–Ray Diffraction (WAXD) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. Int. J. Bioorg. Chem. Mol. Biol., 2018, 6, 1-6. [Link]
- Heidari A. Investigation of Bladder Cancer, Breast Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Endometrial Cancer, Kidney Cancer, Leukemia, Liver, Lung Cancer, Melanoma, Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma, Pancreatic Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Thyroid Cancer and Non–Melanoma Skin Cancer using Synchrotron Technology for Proton Beam Therapy: An Experimental Biospectroscopic Comparative Study. Ther. Res. Skin Dis., 2018, 1, 5-13. [Link]
- Heidari A. Vibrational Biospectroscopic Studies on Anti-cancer Nanopharmaceuticals (Part II). Malaysian J. Chem., 2018, 20, 74-117. [Link]
- Heidari A. Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Mössbauer Emission Spectroscopy and 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Under Synchrotron Radiation. Acta Scientific Cancer Biology, 2018, 2, 17-20. [Link]
- Heidari A. Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation with the Passage of Time. Organic & Medicinal Chem. Int. J., 2018, 6, 555677. [Link]
- Heidari A. Correlation Spectroscopy, Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy and Total Correlation Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human AIDS–Related Cancers Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Int. J. Bioanal. Biomed., 2018, 2, 001-007. [Link]
- Heidari A. Biomedical Instrumentation and Applications of Biospectroscopic Methods and Techniques in Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Studies under Synchrotron Radiation and Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery. Am. J. Nanotechnol. Nanomed., 2018, 1, 001-009. [Link]
- Heidari A. Vivo 1H or Proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and 31P NMR Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Under Synchrotron Radiation. Ann. Biomet. Biostat., 2018, 1, 1001. [Link]
- Heidari A. Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (GISANS) and Grazing–Incidence X–Ray Diffraction (GIXD) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors under Synchrotron Radiation. Ann. Cardiovasc. Surg., 2018, 1, 1006. [Link]
- Heidari A. Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics of Multi–Walled Carbon Nanotubes (Mwcnts), Boron Nitride Nanotubes (Bnnts), Amorphous Boron Nitride Nanotubes (A–Bnnts) And Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanotubes (H–Bnnts) for Eliminating Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Germ Cell Tumor and Blastoma Cancer Cells and Tissues. Clin. Med. Rev. Case Rep., 2018, 5, 201. [Link]
- Heidari A. Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY), Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy (ECOSY), Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY), Incredible Natural–Abundance Double–Quantum Transfer Experiment (INADEQUATE), Heteronuclear Single–Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Heteronuclear Multiple–Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC), Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) and Rotating Frame Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (ROESY) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018, 2, 30-35. [Link]
- Heidari A. Small–Angle X–Ray Scattering (SAXS), Ultra–Small Angle X–Ray Scattering (USAXS), Fluctuation X–Ray Scattering (FXS), Wide–Angle X–Ray Scattering (WAXS), Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle X–Ray Scattering (GISAXS), Grazing–Incidence Wide–Angle X–Ray Scattering (GIWAXS), Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (GISANS), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), Powder X–Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Wide–Angle X–Ray Diffraction (WAXD), Grazing–Incidence X–Ray Diffraction (GIXD) and Energy–Dispersive X–Ray Diffraction (EDXRD) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Under Synchrotron Radiation. Oncol. Res. Rev., 2018, 1, 1-10. [Link]
- Heidari A. Pump–Probe Spectroscopy and Transient Grating Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Adv. Material Sci. Engg., 2018, 2, 1-7. [Link]
- Heidari A. Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (GISAXS) and Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (GIWAXS) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. Insights Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci., 2018, 1, 1–8. [Link]
- Heidari A. Acoustic Spectroscopy, Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy and Auger Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery in Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Nanosci Technol., 2018, 5, 1-9. [Link]
- Heidari A. Niobium, Technetium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Hafnium, Rhenium, Osmium and Iridium Ions Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as Molecular Enzymes and Drug Targets for Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Treatment under Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations. Nanomed. Nanotechnol., 2018, 3, 000138. [Link]
- Heidari A. Homonuclear Correlation Experiments such as Homonuclear Single–Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Homonuclear Multiple–Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HMQC) and Homonuclear Multiple–Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC) Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. Austin J. Proteomics Bioinform. Genomics, 2018, 5, 1024. [Link]
- Heidari A. Atomic Force Microscopy Based Infrared AFM Ndash IR Spectroscopy and Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation with the Passage of Time. J. Appl. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 2018, 5, 138-144. [Link]
- Heidari A. Time–Dependent Vibrational Spectral Analysis of Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues under Synchrotron Radiation. J. Cancer Oncol., 2018, 2, 000124. [Link]
- Heidari A. Palauamine and Olympiadane Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as Molecular Enzymes and Drug Targets for Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Treatment under Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations. Arc. Org. Inorg. Chem. Sci., 2018, 3. [Link]
- Gobato R.; Heidari A. Infrared Spectrum and Sites of Action of Sanguinarine by Molecular Mechanics and ab initio Methods. Int. J. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 2018, 30, 34. [Link]
- Heidari A. Angelic Acid, Diabolic Acids, Draculin and Miraculin Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as Molecular Enzymes and Drug Targets for Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Treatment under Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations. Med. Analy. Chem. Int. J., 2018, 2, 000111. [Link]
- Heidari A. Gamma Linolenic Methyl Ester, 5–Heptadeca–5, 8, 11–Trienyl 1, 3, 4–Oxadiazole–2–Thiol, Sulphoquinovosyl Diacyl Glycerol, Ruscogenin, Nocturnoside B, Protodioscine B, Parquisoside–B, Leiocarposide, Narangenin, 7–Methoxy Hespertin, Lupeol, Rosemariquinone, Rosmanol And Rosemadiol Nano Molecules Incorporation into the Nano Polymeric Matrix (NPM) by Immersion of the Nano Polymeric Modified Electrode (NPME) as Molecular Enzymes and Drug Targets for Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Treatment under Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations. Int. J. Pharma. Anal. Acta, 2018, 2, 007-014. [Link]
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